| A universal guide for China studiesChinese History - The Sixteen Kingdoms 五胡十六國 (300~430) |
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The Sixteen Kingdoms |  period before (Jin Dynasty)-- Southern Dynasties -- Northern Wei next period (Sui)  | ||||
 |  Yang Teng 楊騰, chieftain of the "White Neck" Di 白項氐 people, had occupied the southeast area of modern Gansu province, at the upper course of the River Han 漢水 at the begin of the 3rd century CE. His followers Yang Ju 楊駒 and Yang Qianwan 楊千萬 payed tribute to the emperors of the Cao-Wei Dynasty 曹魏 and were rewarded with the title of Prince (wang 王). Yang Feilong 楊飛龍 shifted the center of the Chouchi realm back to Lüeyang 略陽 where his successor Yang Maosou 楊茂捜 reigned as independend king at the begin of the 4th century. The Chouchi troops often plundered territories in the Central Plain to the east and abducted people there, but the troops of Eastern Jin (Dongjin 東晉) and Former Zhao (Qianzhao 前趙) on their side deprived the Chouchi empire of her inhabitants. In 322 Yang Nandi 楊難敵 suffered a bad defeat against former Zhao and was degraded to Prince of Wudu 武都王 and Duke of Chouchi 仇池公. The next years are characterized by numerous internal struggles among the Yang clan and several throne usurpations. The rulers were not mere seen as regional inspector (cishi 刺史) or governor (taishou 太守) of their region under the government of Jin 晉. In 371 Fu Jian 苻堅, ruler of Former Qin (Qianqin 前秦) attacked Chouchi, captured the ruler Yang Cuan 楊篡 and ended the period of Former Chouchi. Yang Ding 楊定, a great-grandson of Yang Maosou and grandson of Fu Jian, refounded the Chouchi kingdom in 385 with the capital at Licheng 歷城. His younger brother Yang Sheng 楊盛 was able to conquer a greater territory at the upper course of the Han River, the region Liangzhou 梁州, and declared him a governor for the Jin Dynasty. Efforts to occupy the territory of modern Sichuan failed, but Chouchi controlled a great part of the modern provinces Gansu (east) and Shaanxi (south). After 443 the lords of Chouchi were only puppet rulers controled by the Northern Wei (Beiwei 北魏) government. Historians talk of the five realms of Chouchi (Chouchi wuguo 仇池五國): Former and Later Chouchi (Qianchouchi 前仇池, Houchouchi 後仇池), Yinping 陰平, Wudu 武都, and Wuxing 武興. Although we know some of the officia成帝 -----Taixing太興 431 conquered by Northern Wei | Feng Hong 馮宏 | 430-436 | ||
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